GMAT Official Guide 2016 Sentence Correction 解説
※()の数字はOG13th/2015の問題番号
1. (2)
[Manufacturers] rate [batteries] in [watt-hours];
if / they rate [the watt-hour] higher, / the longer [the battery] can be expected to last.
(A) if they rate [the watt-hour] higher, / the longer
(B) rating [the watt-hour] higher, / it is that much longer
(C) the higher [the watt-hour rating], / the longer
(D) the higher [the watt-hour rating], / it is that much longer that
(E) when [the watt-hour rating] is higher, / the longer it is
◆正解：C
◆解き方：
・定型構文を選ばせる、単純な問題です。
・the higher+主語, / the longer+主語の形になっているものは(C)しかありません。
2. (New)
[Hurricanes] (at first) begin traveling / from east to west,
because / [that direction] is [the way / <the prevailing winds in the tropics> blow,]
but /
[they] (then) veer off toward [higher latitudes], /
(in many cases) changing [direction] toward [the east] /
before / dissipating over [the colder, more notherly waters] or over [land].
(A) [Hurricanes] (at first) begin traveling / from east to west, / because [that direction] is [the way / <the prevailing winds in the tropics> blow,] / but
(B) At first, / [Hurricanes] travel / from east to west, / because / [that] is the direction of the prevailing winds in the tropics , / but /
(C) While [hurricanes] travel from east to west at first, / [the direction of the prevailing winds / blowing in the tropics], / and / (SV…)
(D) Because [hurricanes] (at first) travel from east to west, / since [it] is [the direction of the prevailing winds in the tropics], (SV…)
(E) [Hurricanes], (beginning by traveling from east to west, / because this is the direction of the prevailing winds in the tropics), (SV…)
◆正解：B
◆解き方
1. まず文の主な構造をチェックし、(C)(D)(E)を消します。
(A) Hurricanes begin…, because SV… BUT they(hurricanes) veer off….
(B) Hurricanes travel…, because SV…, BUT they veer off….
(C) While hurricanes travel… AND they veer off…
従属節のみで主節がありません。
(D) Because hurricanes travel…, since it is…, / they veer off….
because節にsince節をつなげるのはawkwardです。「ハリケーンが東→西に移動する」から「その後より高緯度へと向かう」は論理的につながりません。
(E) Hurricanes, / they veer off….
文頭のhurricanesに対応する述語動詞と、その後の節とをつなげる接続詞が必要です。
2. (A)と(B)を比較します。
・(A) [at first begin]は「最初に（移動を）始める」となり、redundantです。
・(A) [that direction] is [the way / <the prevailing winds in the tropics> blow]
(B) [that] is the direction of the prevailing winds in the tropics]
ほぼ同じ内容を示しています。(A)は余計な言葉が多いです。
(A)に文法上の誤りはありませんが、「redundantかつwordy」なので(B)の方がbetterと考えられます。
[Hurricanes] (at first) begin traveling / from east to west,
because / [that direction] is [the way / <the prevailing winds in the tropics> blow,]
but /
[they] (then) veer off toward [higher latitudes], /
(in many cases) changing [direction] toward [the east] /
before / dissipating over [the colder, more notherly waters] or over [land].
(A) [Hurricanes] (at first) begin traveling / from east to west, / because [that direction] is [the way / <the prevailing winds in the tropics> blow,] / but
(B) At first, / [Hurricanes] travel / from east to west, / because / [that] is the direction of the prevailing winds in the tropics , / but /
(C) While [hurricanes] travel from east to west at first, / [the direction of the prevailing winds / blowing in the tropics], / and / (SV…)
(D) Because [hurricanes] (at first) travel from east to west, / since [it] is [the direction of the prevailing winds in the tropics], (SV…)
(E) [Hurricanes], (beginning by traveling from east to west, / because this is the direction of the prevailing winds in the tropics), (SV…)
◆正解：B
◆解き方
1. まず文の主な構造をチェックし、(C)(D)(E)を消します。
(A) Hurricanes begin…, because SV… BUT they(hurricanes) veer off….
(B) Hurricanes travel…, because SV…, BUT they veer off….
(C) While hurricanes travel… AND they veer off…
従属節のみで主節がありません。
(D) Because hurricanes travel…, since it is…, / they veer off….
because節にsince節をつなげるのはawkwardです。「ハリケーンが東→西に移動する」から「その後より高緯度へと向かう」は論理的につながりません。
(E) Hurricanes, / they veer off….
文頭のhurricanesに対応する述語動詞と、その後の節とをつなげる接続詞が必要です。
2. (A)と(B)を比較します。
・(A) [at first begin]は「最初に（移動を）始める」となり、redundantです。
・(A) [that direction] is [the way / <the prevailing winds in the tropics> blow]
(B) [that] is the direction of the prevailing winds in the tropics]
ほぼ同じ内容を示しています。(A)は余計な言葉が多いです。
(A)に文法上の誤りはありませんが、「redundantかつwordy」なので(B)の方がbetterと考えられます。
3.(4)
At the end of the 1930s,
[Duke Ellington] was looking for [a composer / to assist him]―
someone
not only
who could arrange [music] for [his successful big band],
but
mirroring [his eccentric writing style] as well
in order to finish [the many pieces / he had started but never completed].
(A) someone / not only / who could arrange music for his successful big band, / but / mirroring his eccentric writing style / as well / in order to finish
(B) someone who could / not only / arrange music for his successful big band, / but also / mirror his eccentric writing style / in order to finish
(C) someone who / not only / could arrange music for his successful big band, / but also / to mirror his eccentric writing style / in finishing
(D) that being someone who could /not only / arrange music for his successful big band, / but / mirroring his eccentric writing style / for finishing
(E) being someone / not only / who could arrange music for his successful big band, / but / mirror his eccentric writing style / as well, / finishing
◆正解B
・[not only…but (also)…]の原型動詞のパラレル。形が揃っているものは(B)しかありません。
・(A)(E): [not only...but(also)...as well]は誤りです。
・(C)(E): 最後の[(in) finishing....]には、オリジナルが持つ目的のニュアンスがありません。
・(D)(E)：[(that) being]は不要または意味不明です。
At the end of the 1930s,
[Duke Ellington] was looking for [a composer / to assist him]―
someone
not only
who could arrange [music] for [his successful big band],
but
mirroring [his eccentric writing style] as well
in order to finish [the many pieces / he had started but never completed].
(A) someone / not only / who could arrange music for his successful big band, / but / mirroring his eccentric writing style / as well / in order to finish
(B) someone who could / not only / arrange music for his successful big band, / but also / mirror his eccentric writing style / in order to finish
(C) someone who / not only / could arrange music for his successful big band, / but also / to mirror his eccentric writing style / in finishing
(D) that being someone who could /not only / arrange music for his successful big band, / but / mirroring his eccentric writing style / for finishing
(E) being someone / not only / who could arrange music for his successful big band, / but / mirror his eccentric writing style / as well, / finishing
◆正解B
・[not only…but (also)…]の原型動詞のパラレル。形が揃っているものは(B)しかありません。
・(A)(E): [not only...but(also)...as well]は誤りです。
・(C)(E): 最後の[(in) finishing....]には、オリジナルが持つ目的のニュアンスがありません。
・(D)(E)：[(that) being]は不要または意味不明です。
4. (New)
While /
[Noble Sissle] may be best known / for [his collaboration with Eubie Blake],
as
both
[a vaudeville performer]
and
as [a lyricist / for songs and Broadway musicals],
also enjoying [an independent career] as [a singer / with such groups as Hahn’s Jubilee Singers].
(A) and / as [a lyricist for songs and Broadway musicals], / also enjoying
(B) and / writing lyrics for [songs and Broadway musicals], / also enjoying
(C) and [a lyricist for songs and Broadway musicals], / [he] also enjoyed
(D) as well as / writing [lyrics for songs and Broadway musicals], / [he] also enjoyed
(E) as well as / [a lyricist for songs and Broadway musicals], / [he] had also enjoyed
◆正解：C
◆解き方：
[while]で始まる従属節と、それを修飾する[as (both) A and B]があります。この後には主節のSVが必要です。
・(A)(B) ：分詞[(also) enjoying…]はフラグメントです。
・(A)：[as both A and as B]になっています。 [as both A and B]にすべきです。
・(B)：[as both A and writing]もダメです。[as]の後に[both A and B]が置かれていますので、どちらも名詞で揃えないといけません。
・(C)：[as both a performer and a lyricist]は○。主節も[he enjoyed…]になっているので問題ありません。
・(D)(E) ：[both A as well as B]は常に×。[and]を使います。
・(E)：主節の動詞が大過去になっています。while節は現在形です。通常、過去時制を飛ばして現在時制と大過去時制を一緒には使いません。
While /
[Noble Sissle] may be best known / for [his collaboration with Eubie Blake],
as
both
[a vaudeville performer]
and
as [a lyricist / for songs and Broadway musicals],
also enjoying [an independent career] as [a singer / with such groups as Hahn’s Jubilee Singers].
(A) and / as [a lyricist for songs and Broadway musicals], / also enjoying
(B) and / writing lyrics for [songs and Broadway musicals], / also enjoying
(C) and [a lyricist for songs and Broadway musicals], / [he] also enjoyed
(D) as well as / writing [lyrics for songs and Broadway musicals], / [he] also enjoyed
(E) as well as / [a lyricist for songs and Broadway musicals], / [he] had also enjoyed
◆正解：C
◆解き方：
[while]で始まる従属節と、それを修飾する[as (both) A and B]があります。この後には主節のSVが必要です。
・(A)(B) ：分詞[(also) enjoying…]はフラグメントです。
・(A)：[as both A and as B]になっています。 [as both A and B]にすべきです。
・(B)：[as both A and writing]もダメです。[as]の後に[both A and B]が置かれていますので、どちらも名詞で揃えないといけません。
・(C)：[as both a performer and a lyricist]は○。主節も[he enjoyed…]になっているので問題ありません。
・(D)(E) ：[both A as well as B]は常に×。[and]を使います。
・(E)：主節の動詞が大過去になっています。while節は現在形です。通常、過去時制を飛ばして現在時制と大過去時制を一緒には使いません。
5. (3)
Although
[a surge / in retail sales ]
have raised
[hopes / that there is a recovery finally underway],
[many economists] say / that (without a large amount of spending) [the recovery] might not last.
(A) have raised [ hopes / that there is a recovery finally
(B) had raised [hopes / for a recovery finally / being
(C) raised hopes for there / being a recovery finally
(D) has raised [hopes / that a recovery is finally
(E) raised [hopes / for a recovery finally
◆正解：D
◆解き方
・(A)：従属節の主語は[a surge]、単数です。また、there構文は通常のSV構文より劣ります。
・(B)：主節の動詞[say]は現在形ですから、従属節動詞が大過去になっているのは不自然です。
・(B)(C)：現在分詞[being]はほぼ常に省略すべきです。
・(D)：時制、数の一致、[抽象名詞＋同格that]が全て正しく用いられています。
・(E)：名詞[hope]は[hope of]または[hope that]の形で使うのが一般的です。自動詞としてなら[hope for]と言えますが。また、「最終的に進行中である回復への望みを増やした」は意味不明。
Although
[a surge / in retail sales ]
have raised
[hopes / that there is a recovery finally underway],
[many economists] say / that (without a large amount of spending) [the recovery] might not last.
(A) have raised [ hopes / that there is a recovery finally
(B) had raised [hopes / for a recovery finally / being
(C) raised hopes for there / being a recovery finally
(D) has raised [hopes / that a recovery is finally
(E) raised [hopes / for a recovery finally
◆正解：D
◆解き方
・(A)：従属節の主語は[a surge]、単数です。また、there構文は通常のSV構文より劣ります。
・(B)：主節の動詞[say]は現在形ですから、従属節動詞が大過去になっているのは不自然です。
・(B)(C)：現在分詞[being]はほぼ常に省略すべきです。
・(D)：時制、数の一致、[抽象名詞＋同格that]が全て正しく用いられています。
・(E)：名詞[hope]は[hope of]または[hope that]の形で使うのが一般的です。自動詞としてなら[hope for]と言えますが。また、「最終的に進行中である回復への望みを増やした」は意味不明。
6. (5)
Of [all the vast tides of migration / that have swept through history],
(maybe) [none] is more concentrated as [the wave / that brought <12 million immigrants> onto <American shores> in little more than three decades].
(A) (maybe) [none] is more concentrated as
(B) it may be that [none] is more concentrated as
(C) (perhaps) it is [none / that is more concentrated than...]
(D) (maybe) it is [none / that was more concentrated than...]
(E) (perhaps) [none] was more concentrated than
◆正解：E
◆解き方：
・(A)(D): [maybe]は口語なので×。
・(A)(B)(C): [is]は[that brought]の時制と合わないので×
・(A)(B): [more…as]は典型的な誤りです。
・(B)(C)(D): [it is …that…]構文を使ってもwordyになるだけで、意味はありません。
Of [all the vast tides of migration / that have swept through history],
(maybe) [none] is more concentrated as [the wave / that brought <12 million immigrants> onto <American shores> in little more than three decades].
(A) (maybe) [none] is more concentrated as
(B) it may be that [none] is more concentrated as
(C) (perhaps) it is [none / that is more concentrated than...]
(D) (maybe) it is [none / that was more concentrated than...]
(E) (perhaps) [none] was more concentrated than
◆正解：E
◆解き方：
・(A)(D): [maybe]は口語なので×。
・(A)(B)(C): [is]は[that brought]の時制と合わないので×
・(A)(B): [more…as]は典型的な誤りです。
・(B)(C)(D): [it is …that…]構文を使ってもwordyになるだけで、意味はありません。
7. (New)
From [an experiment / using <special extrasensory perception cards>, <each / bearing one of a set of symbols>],
[parapsychologist / Joshep Banks Rhine] claimed [statistical proof] for [subjects / who could use <thought transference> to identify <a card in the dealer's hand>].
(A) for [subjects / who could use <thought transference> to identify <a card in the dealer's hand>]
(B) for [a card / in the dealer's hand / to be identified by <subjects with thought transference>]
(C) of [subjects / able to identify / (with <thought transference>) <a card in the dealer's hand>]
(D) that [subjects] could identify [a card / in the dealer's hand] by using [thought transference]
(E) that [subjects] are capable to use [thought transference] for identifying [a card in the dealer's hand]
◆正解：D
◆解き方：
「ESPカードを使った実験の結果から、ライン氏は～の統計学証拠がある（～ということが証明された）と主張した」
「証明された内容」をうまく表現してあるものを選ぶ問題です。[thought transference]は「テレパシー」のことです。
・「同格thatを優先」で(A)(B)(C)を排除
・(E): [capable to use]が×
で容易に(D)が選べます。以下、補足です
・(A): [proof for subjects....] 「（カードの内容を読み取るためにテレパシーを使うことができた）被験者のための（または被験者に関する）証拠」という意味になり、証明された内容が今一つ伝わってきません。
・(B)(C)：(A)と同じ考え方です。「カードに関する証拠」、「被験者に関する証拠」となります。
・(D) 「被験者は、ディーラーが持つカードの種類を、テレパシーを使って特定できた（という証拠）」です。[proof]の内容が明確に述べられています。
From [an experiment / using <special extrasensory perception cards>, <each / bearing one of a set of symbols>],
[parapsychologist / Joshep Banks Rhine] claimed [statistical proof] for [subjects / who could use <thought transference> to identify <a card in the dealer's hand>].
(A) for [subjects / who could use <thought transference> to identify <a card in the dealer's hand>]
(B) for [a card / in the dealer's hand / to be identified by <subjects with thought transference>]
(C) of [subjects / able to identify / (with <thought transference>) <a card in the dealer's hand>]
(D) that [subjects] could identify [a card / in the dealer's hand] by using [thought transference]
(E) that [subjects] are capable to use [thought transference] for identifying [a card in the dealer's hand]
◆正解：D
◆解き方：
「ESPカードを使った実験の結果から、ライン氏は～の統計学証拠がある（～ということが証明された）と主張した」
「証明された内容」をうまく表現してあるものを選ぶ問題です。[thought transference]は「テレパシー」のことです。
・「同格thatを優先」で(A)(B)(C)を排除
・(E): [capable to use]が×
で容易に(D)が選べます。以下、補足です
・(A): [proof for subjects....] 「（カードの内容を読み取るためにテレパシーを使うことができた）被験者のための（または被験者に関する）証拠」という意味になり、証明された内容が今一つ伝わってきません。
・(B)(C)：(A)と同じ考え方です。「カードに関する証拠」、「被験者に関する証拠」となります。
・(D) 「被験者は、ディーラーが持つカードの種類を、テレパシーを使って特定できた（という証拠）」です。[proof]の内容が明確に述べられています。
8. (6)
[Diabetes], (together with its serious complications,) ranks / as [the nation's third leading cause of death],
surpassed only by [heart disease and cancer].
(A) ranks / as / [the nation's third leading cause of death], / surpassed only
(B) rank / as / [the nation's third leading cause of death], / only surpassed
(C) has [the rank of the nation's third leading cause of death], / only surpassed
(D) are [the nation's third leading causes of death], / surpassed only
(E) have been ranked / as / [the nation's third leading causes of death], / only surpassed
◆正解：A
◆解き方：
・自動詞[rank]を単数形で用いているAに問題はありません。[surpassed..]は受動態の分詞構文。[surpass]されるのは主語[diabetes]ですからここも正しいです。
・(B)(D)(E)：主語[diabetes]は「糖尿病」という病名です。固有名詞は基本的に単数です。×。
・(C)：[has the rank of]はwordyです。[ranks as]で充分です。
・(B)(C)(E)：[only surpassed]は「surpassされるだけだ」です。「心臓病とガンのみにsurpassされる」とは意味が異なります。
[Diabetes], (together with its serious complications,) ranks / as [the nation's third leading cause of death],
surpassed only by [heart disease and cancer].
(A) ranks / as / [the nation's third leading cause of death], / surpassed only
(B) rank / as / [the nation's third leading cause of death], / only surpassed
(C) has [the rank of the nation's third leading cause of death], / only surpassed
(D) are [the nation's third leading causes of death], / surpassed only
(E) have been ranked / as / [the nation's third leading causes of death], / only surpassed
◆正解：A
◆解き方：
・自動詞[rank]を単数形で用いているAに問題はありません。[surpassed..]は受動態の分詞構文。[surpass]されるのは主語[diabetes]ですからここも正しいです。
・(B)(D)(E)：主語[diabetes]は「糖尿病」という病名です。固有名詞は基本的に単数です。×。
・(C)：[has the rank of]はwordyです。[ranks as]で充分です。
・(B)(C)(E)：[only surpassed]は「surpassされるだけだ」です。「心臓病とガンのみにsurpassされる」とは意味が異なります。
9. (1)
In [a review of 2,000 studies of human behavior / that date back to the 1940s],
[two Swiss psychologists],
declaring that /
since / [most of the studies] had failed to control for [such variables as social class and family size],
none could be taken seriously.
(A) [psychologists], / declaring that / since / [most of the studies] had failed to control for [such variables as social class and family size],
(B) [psychologists], / declaring that / [most of the studies] failed in not controlling for [such variables like social class and family size], / and /
(C) [psychologists] declared that / since / [most of the studies], (having failed to control for [such variables as social class and family size],)
(D) [psychologists] declared that / since / [most of the studies] fail in controlling for [such variables like social class and family size],
(E) [psychologists] declared that / since / [most of the studies] had failed to control [for variables such as social class and family size],
◆正解：E
◆解き方：
[psychologists]が主語で、psychologists declared that [since SV, SV]の形になっているべきなので、(D)(E)のいずれかになります。
・(A)(B)では[declaring]以降は全て主語の修飾語となっており、述語動詞がありません（フラグメント）。
・(C)：that節の中は、[most of the studies（主語）, having…size（主語に係る修飾語）, none could be…（主語と無関係なSV）]となっており、文が成立していません。
・(D)：failの時制が現在になっています。他の動詞は全て過去ですから、ここは過去あるいは過去完了にすべきです。また、[fail to do]は[fail in doing]よりもidiomaticな表現です。
In [a review of 2,000 studies of human behavior / that date back to the 1940s],
[two Swiss psychologists],
declaring that /
since / [most of the studies] had failed to control for [such variables as social class and family size],
none could be taken seriously.
(A) [psychologists], / declaring that / since / [most of the studies] had failed to control for [such variables as social class and family size],
(B) [psychologists], / declaring that / [most of the studies] failed in not controlling for [such variables like social class and family size], / and /
(C) [psychologists] declared that / since / [most of the studies], (having failed to control for [such variables as social class and family size],)
(D) [psychologists] declared that / since / [most of the studies] fail in controlling for [such variables like social class and family size],
(E) [psychologists] declared that / since / [most of the studies] had failed to control [for variables such as social class and family size],
◆正解：E
◆解き方：
[psychologists]が主語で、psychologists declared that [since SV, SV]の形になっているべきなので、(D)(E)のいずれかになります。
・(A)(B)では[declaring]以降は全て主語の修飾語となっており、述語動詞がありません（フラグメント）。
・(C)：that節の中は、[most of the studies（主語）, having…size（主語に係る修飾語）, none could be…（主語と無関係なSV）]となっており、文が成立していません。
・(D)：failの時制が現在になっています。他の動詞は全て過去ですから、ここは過去あるいは過去完了にすべきです。また、[fail to do]は[fail in doing]よりもidiomaticな表現です。
10. (New)
[A long-term study of some 1,000 physicians] indicates / that /
the more [coffee] [these doctors] drank,
the more [they] had [a likelihood of coronary disease].
(A) more [they] had [a likelihood of coronary disease]
(B) more was [their likelihood of / having coronary disease]
(C) more [they] would have [a likelihood to have coronary disease]
(D) greater was [their likelihood of having coronary disease]
(E) greater was [coronary disease] likely
◆正解：D
◆解き方：
[likelihood]=「可能性」です。「副詞＋形容詞」で「（より）可能性が高い」と表現する時には、[more likely]を使うことはよくあります。
しかし、「形容詞＋名詞」の場合は、[more likelihood]とは通常言わず、[greater liklihood]と表現します。
[more]を使うと、「（あることの）可能性が高い」のではなく、例えば「可能性A」「可能性B」「可能性C]のように、「より多くの、別の可能性が存在する」のような意味合いだと受け取られることがあります。
〇more likely
×more likelihood → greater likelihood
×likelihood is more → likelihood is greater
・(A)(B)(C)：[more] ＜ [greater]
・(C)：[likelihood to do] → [likelihood of doing] ※[likely to do]はOK。
・(E)：「coronary diseaseの可能性（がgreater）」と言いたいようですが、最後の[likely]は形容詞ですので、[coronary disease likely]は文法上×です。
[A long-term study of some 1,000 physicians] indicates / that /
the more [coffee] [these doctors] drank,
the more [they] had [a likelihood of coronary disease].
(A) more [they] had [a likelihood of coronary disease]
(B) more was [their likelihood of / having coronary disease]
(C) more [they] would have [a likelihood to have coronary disease]
(D) greater was [their likelihood of having coronary disease]
(E) greater was [coronary disease] likely
◆正解：D
◆解き方：
[likelihood]=「可能性」です。「副詞＋形容詞」で「（より）可能性が高い」と表現する時には、[more likely]を使うことはよくあります。
しかし、「形容詞＋名詞」の場合は、[more likelihood]とは通常言わず、[greater liklihood]と表現します。
[more]を使うと、「（あることの）可能性が高い」のではなく、例えば「可能性A」「可能性B」「可能性C]のように、「より多くの、別の可能性が存在する」のような意味合いだと受け取られることがあります。
〇more likely
×more likelihood → greater likelihood
×likelihood is more → likelihood is greater
・(A)(B)(C)：[more] ＜ [greater]
・(C)：[likelihood to do] → [likelihood of doing] ※[likely to do]はOK。
・(E)：「coronary diseaseの可能性（がgreater）」と言いたいようですが、最後の[likely]は形容詞ですので、[coronary disease likely]は文法上×です。
11. (7)
[The intricate structure of the compound insect eye], / having [hundreds of miniature eyes / called ommatidia],
help explain
why [scientists] have assumed / that / [it] evolved independently of the vertebrate eye.
(A) having [hundreds of miniature eyes / called ommatidia], / help explain / why [scientists] have assumed / that / <it>
(B) having [hundreds of miniature eyes / that are called ommatidia], / helps explain / why [scientists: have assumed / that / <they>
(C) with [its hundreds of miniature eyes / that are called ommatidia], / helps explain / [scientists' assuming that / <they>...]
(D) with [its hundreds of miniature eyes / called ommatidia], / help explain ] [scientists' assuming that <it>...]
(E) with [its hundreds of miniature eyes / called ommatidia] / helps explain / why [scientists] have assumed / that / <it>
◆正解：E
◆解き方：
・(A)(D)：主語は[structure]（単数）ですが、動詞が複数形になっています。
・(B)(C)：最後の[they]が誤りです。[the (compound ) insect eye]のことなので、[it]を使うべきです。
・(A)(B)：[having]は必ずしも誤りではありませんが、やや稚拙な印象を与えますし、また[structure]を主体とした分詞構文だとも誤読できます。[with]の方がベターです。
・(C)(D)：[scientist’s assuming that…]は動名詞句としては長すぎますし、またawkwardな表現です。長い句を使うよりも、節を用いる方がベターです。
[The intricate structure of the compound insect eye], / having [hundreds of miniature eyes / called ommatidia],
help explain
why [scientists] have assumed / that / [it] evolved independently of the vertebrate eye.
(A) having [hundreds of miniature eyes / called ommatidia], / help explain / why [scientists] have assumed / that / <it>
(B) having [hundreds of miniature eyes / that are called ommatidia], / helps explain / why [scientists: have assumed / that / <they>
(C) with [its hundreds of miniature eyes / that are called ommatidia], / helps explain / [scientists' assuming that / <they>...]
(D) with [its hundreds of miniature eyes / called ommatidia], / help explain ] [scientists' assuming that <it>...]
(E) with [its hundreds of miniature eyes / called ommatidia] / helps explain / why [scientists] have assumed / that / <it>
◆正解：E
◆解き方：
・(A)(D)：主語は[structure]（単数）ですが、動詞が複数形になっています。
・(B)(C)：最後の[they]が誤りです。[the (compound ) insect eye]のことなので、[it]を使うべきです。
・(A)(B)：[having]は必ずしも誤りではありませんが、やや稚拙な印象を与えますし、また[structure]を主体とした分詞構文だとも誤読できます。[with]の方がベターです。
・(C)(D)：[scientist’s assuming that…]は動名詞句としては長すぎますし、またawkwardな表現です。長い句を使うよりも、節を用いる方がベターです。
12. (9)
In 1979 / [lack of rain] reduced [India’s rice production] to [about 41 million tons], / nearly 25 percent less than [those of the 1978 harvest].
(A) less than [those of the 1978 harvest]
(B) less than [the 1978 harvest]
(C) less than [1978]
(D) fewer than [1978]
(E) fewer than [that of India’s 1978 harvest]
◆正解：B
◆解き方：
・「4100万トン」が「前年より25％減」という意味です。[tons]は複数形ですが、「米の生産量（集合的）」の話なので、不可算です。fewerを使用している(D)(E)は×。
・(A)(E)：[those][that]で指せる内容が文中にありません。単純に「78年の収穫よりも」と言えばいいのです。
・(C)(D)：「1978」そのものと米の生産量は比較できません。
In 1979 / [lack of rain] reduced [India’s rice production] to [about 41 million tons], / nearly 25 percent less than [those of the 1978 harvest].
(A) less than [those of the 1978 harvest]
(B) less than [the 1978 harvest]
(C) less than [1978]
(D) fewer than [1978]
(E) fewer than [that of India’s 1978 harvest]
◆正解：B
◆解き方：
・「4100万トン」が「前年より25％減」という意味です。[tons]は複数形ですが、「米の生産量（集合的）」の話なので、不可算です。fewerを使用している(D)(E)は×。
・(A)(E)：[those][that]で指せる内容が文中にありません。単純に「78年の収穫よりも」と言えばいいのです。
・(C)(D)：「1978」そのものと米の生産量は比較できません。
13. (New)
Although [Alice Walker] published [a number of essays], [poetry collections], and [stories during the 1970s],
[her third novel, <The Color Purple>, which was published in 1982], brought [her] [the widest acclaim] in that [it] won both [the National Book Award] as well as [the Pulitzer Prize].
(A) which was published in 1982], brought [her] [the widest acclaim] in that [it] won both [the National Book Award] as well as [the Pulitzer Prize]
(B) published in 1982], bringing [her] [the widest acclaim] by winning both [the National Book Award] and [the Pulitzer Prize]
(C) published in 1982], brought [her] [the widest acclaim], winning both [the National Book Award] and [the Pulitzer Prize]
(D) was published in 1982 / and / which, (winning both [the National Book Award] and [the Pulitzer Prize]), brought [her] [the widest acclaim]
(E) was published in 1982, / winning both [the National Book Award] as well as [the Pulitzer Prize], and bringing [her] [the widest acclaim]
◆正解：C
◆解き方：
(A)(E): [both X as well as Y]は常に誤りとなります。[both X and Y]を使います。
(A) [which was]は省略可能です。
(B): 主語[her third novel, <The Color Purple>]の述語動詞がありません。
(C): 特に問題ないのでこれが正解です。
(D): [was...and which...]となっています。等位接続ですので、[was... and 動詞...]、[which... and which...]等にすべきです。
Although [Alice Walker] published [a number of essays], [poetry collections], and [stories during the 1970s],
[her third novel, <The Color Purple>, which was published in 1982], brought [her] [the widest acclaim] in that [it] won both [the National Book Award] as well as [the Pulitzer Prize].
(A) which was published in 1982], brought [her] [the widest acclaim] in that [it] won both [the National Book Award] as well as [the Pulitzer Prize]
(B) published in 1982], bringing [her] [the widest acclaim] by winning both [the National Book Award] and [the Pulitzer Prize]
(C) published in 1982], brought [her] [the widest acclaim], winning both [the National Book Award] and [the Pulitzer Prize]
(D) was published in 1982 / and / which, (winning both [the National Book Award] and [the Pulitzer Prize]), brought [her] [the widest acclaim]
(E) was published in 1982, / winning both [the National Book Award] as well as [the Pulitzer Prize], and bringing [her] [the widest acclaim]
◆正解：C
◆解き方：
(A)(E): [both X as well as Y]は常に誤りとなります。[both X and Y]を使います。
(A) [which was]は省略可能です。
(B): 主語[her third novel, <The Color Purple>]の述語動詞がありません。
(C): 特に問題ないのでこれが正解です。
(D): [was...and which...]となっています。等位接続ですので、[was... and 動詞...]、[which... and which...]等にすべきです。
14. (15)
[Many experts] regarded [the large increase / in credit card borrowing in March]
not
as / [a sign / that <households> were pressed for cash / and / forced to borrow],
rather
[a sign of confidence (by households) that <they> could safely handle <new debt>].
(A) rather [a sign of confidence by households / that they could safely...]
(B) yet / as / [a sign of households' confidence that it was safe for them to...]
(C) but / [a sign of confidence by households / that they could safely...]
(D) but / as / [a sign that households were confident they could safely...]
(E) but also / as / [a sign that households were confident in their ability safely to...]
◆正解：D
◆解き方：
・[regard X as Y]のidiomと、[not A but B]のパラレルを組み合わせた問題です。[regard X not as Y but as Z]の形になっているものを選びます。
(A)(B)(C): [but+as...]になっていません。
(A)(C): [a sigh that..]なのか[confidence that…]なのか分かり難いです。また、同格[that]は、[a sign(confidence) that…]とつなげて書くべきです。間に[by…]を挟むのはよくありません。
(D): [not (as a sign that SV), but (as a sign that SV)]でパラレルになっています。[confident that they could…]の[that]がありませんが、この問題はパラレルを優先します。
(E): [also]は不要です。[in their ability to...]がwordy。副詞[safely]は[to]の後に置く方がベターです。
[Many experts] regarded [the large increase / in credit card borrowing in March]
not
as / [a sign / that <households> were pressed for cash / and / forced to borrow],
rather
[a sign of confidence (by households) that <they> could safely handle <new debt>].
(A) rather [a sign of confidence by households / that they could safely...]
(B) yet / as / [a sign of households' confidence that it was safe for them to...]
(C) but / [a sign of confidence by households / that they could safely...]
(D) but / as / [a sign that households were confident they could safely...]
(E) but also / as / [a sign that households were confident in their ability safely to...]
◆正解：D
◆解き方：
・[regard X as Y]のidiomと、[not A but B]のパラレルを組み合わせた問題です。[regard X not as Y but as Z]の形になっているものを選びます。
(A)(B)(C): [but+as...]になっていません。
(A)(C): [a sigh that..]なのか[confidence that…]なのか分かり難いです。また、同格[that]は、[a sign(confidence) that…]とつなげて書くべきです。間に[by…]を挟むのはよくありません。
(D): [not (as a sign that SV), but (as a sign that SV)]でパラレルになっています。[confident that they could…]の[that]がありませんが、この問題はパラレルを優先します。
(E): [also]は不要です。[in their ability to...]がwordy。副詞[safely]は[to]の後に置く方がベターです。
15. (12)
[Carnivorous mammals] can endure [what would otherwise be <lethal levels of body heat>]
because / [they] have [a heat-exchange network / which kept <the brain> from getting too hot].
(A) which kept
(B) that keeps
(C) which has kept
(D) that has been keeping
(E) having kept
◆正解：B
◆解き方：
主節の[can endure]、従属節の[have]などから、この文は、現に起こっていることを説明しているのではなく、一般的な性質や状態を表していると判断できます。
このようなケースでは、常に「一般時制」として「現在形」を使います。
[Carnivorous mammals] can endure [what would otherwise be <lethal levels of body heat>]
because / [they] have [a heat-exchange network / which kept <the brain> from getting too hot].
(A) which kept
(B) that keeps
(C) which has kept
(D) that has been keeping
(E) having kept
◆正解：B
◆解き方：
主節の[can endure]、従属節の[have]などから、この文は、現に起こっていることを説明しているのではなく、一般的な性質や状態を表していると判断できます。
このようなケースでは、常に「一般時制」として「現在形」を使います。
16. (14)
[Rising inventories], (when unaccompanied correspondingly / by increases in sales,) can lead to [production cutbacks / that would hamper <economic growth>].
(A) when unaccompanied correspondingly / by increases in sales, / can lead
(B) when not accompanied / by corresponding increases in sales, / possibly leads
(C) when they were unaccompanied / by corresponding sales increases, / can lead
(D) if not accompanied / by corresponding increased sales, / possibly leads
(E) if not accompanied / by corresponding increases in sales, / can lead
◆正解：E
◆解き方：
(B)(D): 主語[inventories]に対して、単数動詞[leads]を使っているので×。
(C): when節の中が過去形になっているCも消します。主節は現在形です。
(A)(E): 誤りはありませんので、どちらがより効果的に意味を伝えているかという点で検討します。
「在庫の増加は、販売増加が伴わなければ、生産減少につながりうる」が文意です。
「販売増が伴わない時」という時間的な表現よりは、「もし伴わなければ」という条件の方がより適切です。
また(A)の[correspondingly]は副詞なので、[unaccompanied]を修飾し、「販売増加が相応的に伴わないとき」ということになり、やや解釈が難しくなります。
(E)のように、名詞とくっつけて「相応的な販売増」と言う方がより分かりやすいでしょう。
[Rising inventories], (when unaccompanied correspondingly / by increases in sales,) can lead to [production cutbacks / that would hamper <economic growth>].
(A) when unaccompanied correspondingly / by increases in sales, / can lead
(B) when not accompanied / by corresponding increases in sales, / possibly leads
(C) when they were unaccompanied / by corresponding sales increases, / can lead
(D) if not accompanied / by corresponding increased sales, / possibly leads
(E) if not accompanied / by corresponding increases in sales, / can lead
◆正解：E
◆解き方：
(B)(D): 主語[inventories]に対して、単数動詞[leads]を使っているので×。
(C): when節の中が過去形になっているCも消します。主節は現在形です。
(A)(E): 誤りはありませんので、どちらがより効果的に意味を伝えているかという点で検討します。
「在庫の増加は、販売増加が伴わなければ、生産減少につながりうる」が文意です。
「販売増が伴わない時」という時間的な表現よりは、「もし伴わなければ」という条件の方がより適切です。
また(A)の[correspondingly]は副詞なので、[unaccompanied]を修飾し、「販売増加が相応的に伴わないとき」ということになり、やや解釈が難しくなります。
(E)のように、名詞とくっつけて「相応的な販売増」と言う方がより分かりやすいでしょう。
17. (19)
[A pioneer journalist], [Nellie Bly's exploits] included [circling <the globe> faster than <Jules Verne's fictional Phileas Fogg>].
(A) [A pioneer journalist], [Nellie Bly's exploits] included
(B) [The exploits of Nellie Bly], [a pioneer journalist], included
(C) [Nellie Bly] was [a pioneer journalist] / including (in her exploits) the
(D) Included (in [the pioneer journalist Nellie Bly's exploits]) are
(E) [The pioneer journalist's exploits of Nellie Bly] / included/
◆正解：B
◆解き方：
(A): [journalist]と[exploits]は同格にできません。
(B): [Nelly Bly]と[journalist]が同格として書かれているので、これが正解です。
(C): [journalist including…]ではありません。[exploits]が[include]するです。
(D): 文脈から過去の話だと判断できるので、[are]は時制が間違っています。また、無意味な倒置は好まれません。
(E): 「そのパイオニアジャーナリストが行った、Blyに関する功業」となっており、この二人が別人のように思えます。
[A pioneer journalist], [Nellie Bly's exploits] included [circling <the globe> faster than <Jules Verne's fictional Phileas Fogg>].
(A) [A pioneer journalist], [Nellie Bly's exploits] included
(B) [The exploits of Nellie Bly], [a pioneer journalist], included
(C) [Nellie Bly] was [a pioneer journalist] / including (in her exploits) the
(D) Included (in [the pioneer journalist Nellie Bly's exploits]) are
(E) [The pioneer journalist's exploits of Nellie Bly] / included/
◆正解：B
◆解き方：
(A): [journalist]と[exploits]は同格にできません。
(B): [Nelly Bly]と[journalist]が同格として書かれているので、これが正解です。
(C): [journalist including…]ではありません。[exploits]が[include]するです。
(D): 文脈から過去の話だと判断できるので、[are]は時制が間違っています。また、無意味な倒置は好まれません。
(E): 「そのパイオニアジャーナリストが行った、Blyに関する功業」となっており、この二人が別人のように思えます。
18. (New)
Unlike [the nests of <leaf cutters and most other ants>, / situated (underground) or (in pieces of wood)],
[raider ants] make [a portable nest]
by entwining [their long legs] to form ["curtains" of ants / that hang from <logs or boulders>],
providing [protection] for [the queen and the colony larvae and pupae].
(A) the nests of <leaf cutters and most other ants>
(B) the nests of <leaf cutters and most other ants>, / which are
(C) [leaf cutters and most other ants], whose nests are
(D) [leaf cutters and most other ants / in having nests... ]
(E) [those of <leaf cutters and most other ants> with nests....]
◆正解：C
◆解き方：
(A)(B): 「他のアリの巣と異なり、raider ants（アリの一種）は....」となっています。比較対象が間違っています。
(C): 比較対象、意味ともに問題ありません。
(D): [in having nests...]が意味不明です。
(E): [those of ]の指すものがありません。
Unlike [the nests of <leaf cutters and most other ants>, / situated (underground) or (in pieces of wood)],
[raider ants] make [a portable nest]
by entwining [their long legs] to form ["curtains" of ants / that hang from <logs or boulders>],
providing [protection] for [the queen and the colony larvae and pupae].
(A) the nests of <leaf cutters and most other ants>
(B) the nests of <leaf cutters and most other ants>, / which are
(C) [leaf cutters and most other ants], whose nests are
(D) [leaf cutters and most other ants / in having nests... ]
(E) [those of <leaf cutters and most other ants> with nests....]
◆正解：C
◆解き方：
(A)(B): 「他のアリの巣と異なり、raider ants（アリの一種）は....」となっています。比較対象が間違っています。
(C): 比較対象、意味ともに問題ありません。
(D): [in having nests...]が意味不明です。
(E): [those of ]の指すものがありません。
19. (17)
[Sunspots], [vortices of gas / associated with <strong electromagnetic activity>],
are visible / as [dark spots] on [the surface of the Sun]
but
have never been sighted on [the Sun's poles or equator].
(A) are visible / as [dark spots] on [the surface of the Sun] / but / have never been sighted on
(B) are visible / as [dark spots / that never have been sighted on <the surface of the Sun>]
(C) appear on [the surface of the Sun] as [dark spots] / although never sighted at
(D) appear / as [dark spots] on [the surface of the Sun], / although never having been sighted at
(E) appear / as dark spots on [the Sun's surface], which have never been sighted on
◆正解：A
◆解き方：
オリジナルに何も問題はありません。このまま正解となります。「太陽黒点は、太陽の地表に暗い点として見えるが、極あるいは赤道上に見られたことはない」が文意で、主述関係の対比も明確かつ構造もパラレルになっています。
(B)(E): 上とは意味が変わり、「極では見られたことのない暗い点」となります。
(C)(D): 文法的な問題点は特にありませんが、(A)から特にこちらに変更する利点もありません。等位接続詞でパラレルになっている(A)の方が、より対比を明確にしていて読み易いと言えます。
[Sunspots], [vortices of gas / associated with <strong electromagnetic activity>],
are visible / as [dark spots] on [the surface of the Sun]
but
have never been sighted on [the Sun's poles or equator].
(A) are visible / as [dark spots] on [the surface of the Sun] / but / have never been sighted on
(B) are visible / as [dark spots / that never have been sighted on <the surface of the Sun>]
(C) appear on [the surface of the Sun] as [dark spots] / although never sighted at
(D) appear / as [dark spots] on [the surface of the Sun], / although never having been sighted at
(E) appear / as dark spots on [the Sun's surface], which have never been sighted on
◆正解：A
◆解き方：
オリジナルに何も問題はありません。このまま正解となります。「太陽黒点は、太陽の地表に暗い点として見えるが、極あるいは赤道上に見られたことはない」が文意で、主述関係の対比も明確かつ構造もパラレルになっています。
(B)(E): 上とは意味が変わり、「極では見られたことのない暗い点」となります。
(C)(D): 文法的な問題点は特にありませんが、(A)から特にこちらに変更する利点もありません。等位接続詞でパラレルになっている(A)の方が、より対比を明確にしていて読み易いと言えます。
20. (21)
[The commission] has directed [advertisers] to restrict [the use of the word "natural"] to [foods that do not contain <color or flavor additives>, <chemical preservatives>, or <nothing that has been synthesized> ].
(A) or nothing that has been
(B) or that has been
(C) and nothing that is
(D) or anything that has been
(E) and anything
◆正解：D
◆解き方：
[foods that do NOT contain X, Y or Z]という形です。「X, Y及びZのいずれも含まない」という意味になります。全てを否定する場合、[否定語＋X and Y]という言い方は誤りとなります。
(A): [that do not contain nothing…]は二重否定となり、誤りです。[not anything]と言うべきなので、
(B): [that]の先行詞がありません。
(C): [and]は誤り。[or]が必要です。[nothing]は二重否定となります。
(E): [and]は誤りです。
[The commission] has directed [advertisers] to restrict [the use of the word "natural"] to [foods that do not contain <color or flavor additives>, <chemical preservatives>, or <nothing that has been synthesized> ].
(A) or nothing that has been
(B) or that has been
(C) and nothing that is
(D) or anything that has been
(E) and anything
◆正解：D
◆解き方：
[foods that do NOT contain X, Y or Z]という形です。「X, Y及びZのいずれも含まない」という意味になります。全てを否定する場合、[否定語＋X and Y]という言い方は誤りとなります。
(A): [that do not contain nothing…]は二重否定となり、誤りです。[not anything]と言うべきなので、
(B): [that]の先行詞がありません。
(C): [and]は誤り。[or]が必要です。[nothing]は二重否定となります。
(E): [and]は誤りです。
21. (New)
[Thai village crafts], / as with other cultures, /
have developed / through [the principle / that <form> follows <function>]
and
incorporate [readily available materials / fashioned using traditional skills].
(A) as with
(B) as did those of
(C) as they have in
(D) like in
(E) like those of
◆正解：E
◆解き方：
「タイの民芸品は、他国のそれら（民芸品）と同じく、～」という話です。
(A): 意味を成しません。
(B): 「他国の民芸品がそうした（過去時制）ように」は、主節の時制（現在）と合いません。
(C): [they]は「タイの民芸品」を指してしまいます。
(D): [like in]は常に誤りです。
(E): 比較の対象、意味ともに問題ありません。
[Thai village crafts], / as with other cultures, /
have developed / through [the principle / that <form> follows <function>]
and
incorporate [readily available materials / fashioned using traditional skills].
(A) as with
(B) as did those of
(C) as they have in
(D) like in
(E) like those of
◆正解：E
◆解き方：
「タイの民芸品は、他国のそれら（民芸品）と同じく、～」という話です。
(A): 意味を成しません。
(B): 「他国の民芸品がそうした（過去時制）ように」は、主節の時制（現在）と合いません。
(C): [they]は「タイの民芸品」を指してしまいます。
(D): [like in]は常に誤りです。
(E): 比較の対象、意味ともに問題ありません。
22. (26)
[Tropical bats] play [important roles] / in [the rain forest ecosystem],
aiding in [the dispersal of <cashew, date, and fig seeds>];
pollinating [banana, breadfruit, and mango trees];
and
indirectly help produce [tequila] by pollinating [agave plants].
(A) pollinating [banana, breadfruit, and mango trees]; / and / indirectly help produce
(B) pollinating [banana, breadfruit, and mango trees]; / and / indirectly helping to produce
(C) pollinating [banana, breadfruit, and mango trees];/ and / they indirectly help to produce
(D) they pollinate [banana, breadfruit, and mango trees]; / and / indirectly help producing
(E) they pollinate [banana, breadfruit, and mango trees]; indirectly helping the producing of
◆正解：B
◆解き方：
セミコロンの後は、通常は等位接続詞は置かずにSVを続けるのですが、ここではカンマの代わりに用いられていると考えればよいでしょう。
現在分詞のパラレル[aiding…, pollinating… and helping…]の問題です。
各選択肢を単純化すれば下記のようになります。パラレルになっているのは(B)だけだと判断できます。
(A): bats play…, aiding…; pollinating…; and help…
(B): bats play…, aiding…; pollinating…; and helping…
(C): bats play…, aiding…; pollinating…; and they help…
(D): bats play…, aiding…; they pollinate…; and help…
(E): bats play…, aiding…; they pollinate…; helping…
[Tropical bats] play [important roles] / in [the rain forest ecosystem],
aiding in [the dispersal of <cashew, date, and fig seeds>];
pollinating [banana, breadfruit, and mango trees];
and
indirectly help produce [tequila] by pollinating [agave plants].
(A) pollinating [banana, breadfruit, and mango trees]; / and / indirectly help produce
(B) pollinating [banana, breadfruit, and mango trees]; / and / indirectly helping to produce
(C) pollinating [banana, breadfruit, and mango trees];/ and / they indirectly help to produce
(D) they pollinate [banana, breadfruit, and mango trees]; / and / indirectly help producing
(E) they pollinate [banana, breadfruit, and mango trees]; indirectly helping the producing of
◆正解：B
◆解き方：
セミコロンの後は、通常は等位接続詞は置かずにSVを続けるのですが、ここではカンマの代わりに用いられていると考えればよいでしょう。
現在分詞のパラレル[aiding…, pollinating… and helping…]の問題です。
各選択肢を単純化すれば下記のようになります。パラレルになっているのは(B)だけだと判断できます。
(A): bats play…, aiding…; pollinating…; and help…
(B): bats play…, aiding…; pollinating…; and helping…
(C): bats play…, aiding…; pollinating…; and they help…
(D): bats play…, aiding…; they pollinate…; and help…
(E): bats play…, aiding…; they pollinate…; helping…
23. (New)
[Discussion of greenhouse effects] have usually had (as a focus) [the possibility of Earth / growing warmer] / and to what extent / [it] might,
but
[climatologists] have indicated (all along) / that /
[precipitation, storminess, and temperature extremes] are likely to have [the greatest impact / on people].
(A) [Discussion of greenhouse effects] have usually had (as a focus) [the possibility of Earth / growing warmer] / and / to what extent / [it] might,
(B) [Discussion of greenhouse effects] has usually had (as its focus) [whether <Earth> would get warmer] and [what <the extent> would be],
(C) [Discussion of greenhouse effects] has usually focused on [whether Earth would grow warmer] and [to what extent],
(D) [The discussion of greenhouse effects] have usually focused on [the possibility of Earth / getting warmer] / and / to what extent / [it] might,
(E) [The discussion of greenhouse effects] has usually focused on [whether Earth would grow warmer] and [the extent that is],
◆正解：C
◆解き方：
(A)(D): 単数主語[discussion]に対して複数形動詞[have]を用いているので×。
(B): [Discussion have whether SV...]は意味を成しません。
(E): [the extent that is]が意味不明です。
[Discussion of greenhouse effects] have usually had (as a focus) [the possibility of Earth / growing warmer] / and to what extent / [it] might,
but
[climatologists] have indicated (all along) / that /
[precipitation, storminess, and temperature extremes] are likely to have [the greatest impact / on people].
(A) [Discussion of greenhouse effects] have usually had (as a focus) [the possibility of Earth / growing warmer] / and / to what extent / [it] might,
(B) [Discussion of greenhouse effects] has usually had (as its focus) [whether <Earth> would get warmer] and [what <the extent> would be],
(C) [Discussion of greenhouse effects] has usually focused on [whether Earth would grow warmer] and [to what extent],
(D) [The discussion of greenhouse effects] have usually focused on [the possibility of Earth / getting warmer] / and / to what extent / [it] might,
(E) [The discussion of greenhouse effects] has usually focused on [whether Earth would grow warmer] and [the extent that is],
◆正解：C
◆解き方：
(A)(D): 単数主語[discussion]に対して複数形動詞[have]を用いているので×。
(B): [Discussion have whether SV...]は意味を成しません。
(E): [the extent that is]が意味不明です。
24. (23)
[The Iroquois] were primarily [planters], / but / supplementing [their cultivation of maize, squash, and beans] with [fishing and hunting].
(A) but / supplementing
(B) and / had supplemented
(C) and / even though [they] supplemented
(D) although / [they] supplemented
(E) but with supplementing
◆正解 D
◆解き方：
(A): 等位接続詞[but]+分詞[supplementing]を用いる場合は、接続詞の前にも分詞が必要となります。[but V]または[but SV]にすべきです。
(B): 時制が間違っています。前半の[were]と同じ過去時制にする必要があります。
(C): [and]の後が[even though]で始まる従属節になっています。
(D): 正解です。「作物栽培を、漁業や狩猟などで補完していたが、基本的に農耕部族だった。」
(E) [with doing]と同型の句が接続詞の前にないため、前半とつながっていません。
[The Iroquois] were primarily [planters], / but / supplementing [their cultivation of maize, squash, and beans] with [fishing and hunting].
(A) but / supplementing
(B) and / had supplemented
(C) and / even though [they] supplemented
(D) although / [they] supplemented
(E) but with supplementing
◆正解 D
◆解き方：
(A): 等位接続詞[but]+分詞[supplementing]を用いる場合は、接続詞の前にも分詞が必要となります。[but V]または[but SV]にすべきです。
(B): 時制が間違っています。前半の[were]と同じ過去時制にする必要があります。
(C): [and]の後が[even though]で始まる従属節になっています。
(D): 正解です。「作物栽培を、漁業や狩猟などで補完していたが、基本的に農耕部族だった。」
(E) [with doing]と同型の句が接続詞の前にないため、前半とつながっていません。
25. (24)
As contrasted with [the honeybee],
[the yellow jacket] can sting repeatedly without dying / and / carries [a potent venom / that can cause intense pain].
(A) As contrasted with [the honeybee]
(B) In contrast to [the honeybee's]
(C) Unlike [the sting of the honeybee]
(D) Unlike [that of the honeybee]
(E) Unlike [the honeybee]
◆正解 ：E
◆解き方：
(A)(B) [unlike > as contrasted with / in contrast to]。語数の少ないものを優先します。
(C)(D): 主語が[the yellow jacket(スズメバチ)]ですから、「ミツバチと異なり(unlike the honeybee)、スズメバチは…」と表現すべきです。比較の対象が誤っています。
As contrasted with [the honeybee],
[the yellow jacket] can sting repeatedly without dying / and / carries [a potent venom / that can cause intense pain].
(A) As contrasted with [the honeybee]
(B) In contrast to [the honeybee's]
(C) Unlike [the sting of the honeybee]
(D) Unlike [that of the honeybee]
(E) Unlike [the honeybee]
◆正解 ：E
◆解き方：
(A)(B) [unlike > as contrasted with / in contrast to]。語数の少ないものを優先します。
(C)(D): 主語が[the yellow jacket(スズメバチ)]ですから、「ミツバチと異なり(unlike the honeybee)、スズメバチは…」と表現すべきです。比較の対象が誤っています。
26. (27)
[None of the attempts / to specify the causes of crime]
explains
[why <most of the people / exposed to the alleged causes> do not commit <crimes>]
and
[why <so many of those / not so exposed> have (=commit crimes)].
(A) have
(B) has
(C) shall
(D) do
(E) could
◆正解： D
◆解き方：
「申し立てられている（犯罪の）原因にさらされている人の殆どは、罪を犯さない」
「それらの原因にそれほどさらされていない人の多くが、罪を犯す」
「なぜこうなるのかを説明するものが何もない」という文です。
最後の動詞は[commit]の代動詞になるので[do]です。
[None of the attempts / to specify the causes of crime]
explains
[why <most of the people / exposed to the alleged causes> do not commit <crimes>]
and
[why <so many of those / not so exposed> have (=commit crimes)].
(A) have
(B) has
(C) shall
(D) do
(E) could
◆正解： D
◆解き方：
「申し立てられている（犯罪の）原因にさらされている人の殆どは、罪を犯さない」
「それらの原因にそれほどさらされていない人の多くが、罪を犯す」
「なぜこうなるのかを説明するものが何もない」という文です。
最後の動詞は[commit]の代動詞になるので[do]です。
27. (New)
In the seventh century B.C., /
[the Roman alphabet] was adapted from
[the Etruscan alphabet],
which (in turn) had been adapted (in the previous century) from
[a western Greek alphabet],
which (itself) had been adapted (earlier in the same century) from
[the Phoenician alphabet].
(A) which itself had been adapted earlier
(B) adapting itself earlier
(C) itself being adapted earlier
(D) having been earlier adapted itself
(E) earlier itself having been adapted
◆正解：A
◆解き方：
パラレルだけが要点の問題です。前の[which had been...]と形を揃えてある(A)が正解です。
In the seventh century B.C., /
[the Roman alphabet] was adapted from
[the Etruscan alphabet],
which (in turn) had been adapted (in the previous century) from
[a western Greek alphabet],
which (itself) had been adapted (earlier in the same century) from
[the Phoenician alphabet].
(A) which itself had been adapted earlier
(B) adapting itself earlier
(C) itself being adapted earlier
(D) having been earlier adapted itself
(E) earlier itself having been adapted
◆正解：A
◆解き方：
パラレルだけが要点の問題です。前の[which had been...]と形を揃えてある(A)が正解です。
28. (New)
With [corn, soybean, and wheat reserves / being low enough so <a poor harvest> would send <prices> skyrocketing],
[rain futures brokers and their clients] are especially interested in [weather / that could affect crops].
(A) being low enough so
(B) so low such that
(C) so low that
(D) that are low enough so
(E) that are so low such that
◆正解：C
◆解き方：
[so...that...]を選びましょう、という単純極まりない問題です。
[enough...so...]、[so...such that...]などの表現はidiomaticではありません。ここにはありませんが、[enough...that....]も×。
(A): 現在分詞[being]は通常省略すべきです。
With [corn, soybean, and wheat reserves / being low enough so <a poor harvest> would send <prices> skyrocketing],
[rain futures brokers and their clients] are especially interested in [weather / that could affect crops].
(A) being low enough so
(B) so low such that
(C) so low that
(D) that are low enough so
(E) that are so low such that
◆正解：C
◆解き方：
[so...that...]を選びましょう、という単純極まりない問題です。
[enough...so...]、[so...such that...]などの表現はidiomaticではありません。ここにはありませんが、[enough...that....]も×。
(A): 現在分詞[being]は通常省略すべきです。
29. (35)
(By 1940,) / [the pilot Jacqueline Cochran]
held
[seventeen official national and international speed records],
and
[she] earned [them] at a time when
[aviation] was still so new
for
[many of the planes / she flew]
to
be [of dangerously experimental design].
(A) and [she] earned [them] / at a time when / [aviation] was still so new / for [many of the planes / she flew] / to be
(B) earning [them] / at a time that / [aviation] was still so new / for [many of the planes / she flew] to be
(C) earning [these] / at a time where / [aviation: was still so new that [many of the planes / she flew] were
(D) earned / at a time in which / [aviation] was still so new such that [many of the planes / she flew] were
(E) earned / at a time when / [aviation] was still so new that [many of the planes / she flew] were
◆正解：E
構文の取り方がポイントです。分かり易く単純化すれば、下記のようになります。
(A): [Cochran] held [records], / and [she] earned [them] / when / [aviation] was so new for [the planes] to be dangerous.
・SVが繰り返されている点が無駄です。
・[new for <the planes> to be dangerous]が意味を成していません。
(B): [Cochran] held [records], / earning [them] / at a time that / [aviation] was so new for [the planes] to be dangerous.
・SVの繰り返しの代わりに、能動態の分詞構文を用いています。主体は[Cochran]ですのでこの点は問題ありません。
・[at a time that]は誤りです([at a time when]が〇)。
・(A)と同じく、[for…to be…]が意味を成しません。
C: [Cochran] held [records], / earning [these] / at a time where / [aviation] was so new that [the planes] were dangerous.
・(B)同様、能動態の分詞構文です。
・[at a time where]は誤用です。
・後半は[so…that…]構文を用いているので、(A)(B)よりも明確です。
(D): [Cochran] held [records], / earned / at a time in which / [aviation] was so new such that [the planes] were dangerous.
・[earned]は[records]を修飾する過去分詞です。[records which were earned]と同じ意味になります。
・[at a time in which]は誤りとは言えませんが、通常は[at a time when]を用います。
・[so new such that]は誤用。[so new that]または[such new+名詞 that]のいずれかを使うべきです。
(E): [Cochran] held [records], / earned / at a time when / [aviation] was so new that [the planes] were dangerous.
・(D)と同じく、過去分詞を用いています。
・[at a time when]、[so…that…]が正しく用いられています。
補足：
・[many of the planes she flew]は、[many of the planes that she flew]、「彼女が飛ばした飛行機の多く」の意味です。
上では、[the planes]と単純化してあります。
・原文の、[of dangerously experimental design]は、[of+（抽象）名詞]で、形容詞と同じ働きをします。上では、[dangerous]に置き換えました。
(By 1940,) / [the pilot Jacqueline Cochran]
held
[seventeen official national and international speed records],
and
[she] earned [them] at a time when
[aviation] was still so new
for
[many of the planes / she flew]
to
be [of dangerously experimental design].
(A) and [she] earned [them] / at a time when / [aviation] was still so new / for [many of the planes / she flew] / to be
(B) earning [them] / at a time that / [aviation] was still so new / for [many of the planes / she flew] to be
(C) earning [these] / at a time where / [aviation: was still so new that [many of the planes / she flew] were
(D) earned / at a time in which / [aviation] was still so new such that [many of the planes / she flew] were
(E) earned / at a time when / [aviation] was still so new that [many of the planes / she flew] were
◆正解：E
構文の取り方がポイントです。分かり易く単純化すれば、下記のようになります。
(A): [Cochran] held [records], / and [she] earned [them] / when / [aviation] was so new for [the planes] to be dangerous.
・SVが繰り返されている点が無駄です。
・[new for <the planes> to be dangerous]が意味を成していません。
(B): [Cochran] held [records], / earning [them] / at a time that / [aviation] was so new for [the planes] to be dangerous.
・SVの繰り返しの代わりに、能動態の分詞構文を用いています。主体は[Cochran]ですのでこの点は問題ありません。
・[at a time that]は誤りです([at a time when]が〇)。
・(A)と同じく、[for…to be…]が意味を成しません。
C: [Cochran] held [records], / earning [these] / at a time where / [aviation] was so new that [the planes] were dangerous.
・(B)同様、能動態の分詞構文です。
・[at a time where]は誤用です。
・後半は[so…that…]構文を用いているので、(A)(B)よりも明確です。
(D): [Cochran] held [records], / earned / at a time in which / [aviation] was so new such that [the planes] were dangerous.
・[earned]は[records]を修飾する過去分詞です。[records which were earned]と同じ意味になります。
・[at a time in which]は誤りとは言えませんが、通常は[at a time when]を用います。
・[so new such that]は誤用。[so new that]または[such new+名詞 that]のいずれかを使うべきです。
(E): [Cochran] held [records], / earned / at a time when / [aviation] was so new that [the planes] were dangerous.
・(D)と同じく、過去分詞を用いています。
・[at a time when]、[so…that…]が正しく用いられています。
補足：
・[many of the planes she flew]は、[many of the planes that she flew]、「彼女が飛ばした飛行機の多く」の意味です。
上では、[the planes]と単純化してあります。
・原文の、[of dangerously experimental design]は、[of+（抽象）名詞]で、形容詞と同じ働きをします。上では、[dangerous]に置き換えました。
30. (8)
In late 1997, / [the chambers / inside the pyramid of the Pharaoh Menkaure at Giza] were closed (to visitors) (for cleaning and repair)
due to [moisture / exhaled by tourists], which raised [its humidity] to <such levels> / so that /
[salt from the stone] was crystallizing
and
[fungus was] growing on the walls.
(A) due to [moisture / exhaled by tourists], / which raised [its humidity] to <such levels> / so that / [salt from the stone] was crystallizing
(B) due to [moisture / that tourists had exhaled], / thereby raising [its humidity] to <such levels that> [salt from the stone] would crystallize
(C) because [tourists] were exhaling [moisture], / which had raised [the humidity within them] to <levels such that> [salt from the stone] would crystallize
(D) because of [moisture / that was exhaled by tourists] raising [the humidity within them] to <levels> so high as to make [the salt from the stone] crystallize
(E) because [moisture / exhaled by tourists] had raised [the humidity within them] to <such levels that> [salt from the stone] was crystallizing
◆正解：E
◆解き方：
(A)(B)(D)：「接続詞＋SV」＞「前置詞＋長い名詞句」。[due to / because of…]の後の名詞句が長すぎて読み難いです。
(A)(B)：[its]は誤り。[chambers]のことなので[their]です。
(D)：[tourists raising….]がつながっているように読めます。湿度を高めているのものは、旅行者が放出する水分であって、旅行者そのものではありません。また、SCでは[so as to do]は好まれない傾向があります。
(B)(C)(D)：[salt from the stone would crystallize]および[(make) the salt from the stone crystallize]は、この後の、[and fungus was growing on the walls]の進行形SVとパラレルになっていません。
(C)：[levels such that…]は、[such levels that…]と表記すべきです。
(E): 最も簡潔かつ明瞭です。 to such levels that [salt from the stone] was crystallizing
In late 1997, / [the chambers / inside the pyramid of the Pharaoh Menkaure at Giza] were closed (to visitors) (for cleaning and repair)
due to [moisture / exhaled by tourists], which raised [its humidity] to <such levels> / so that /
[salt from the stone] was crystallizing
and
[fungus was] growing on the walls.
(A) due to [moisture / exhaled by tourists], / which raised [its humidity] to <such levels> / so that / [salt from the stone] was crystallizing
(B) due to [moisture / that tourists had exhaled], / thereby raising [its humidity] to <such levels that> [salt from the stone] would crystallize
(C) because [tourists] were exhaling [moisture], / which had raised [the humidity within them] to <levels such that> [salt from the stone] would crystallize
(D) because of [moisture / that was exhaled by tourists] raising [the humidity within them] to <levels> so high as to make [the salt from the stone] crystallize
(E) because [moisture / exhaled by tourists] had raised [the humidity within them] to <such levels that> [salt from the stone] was crystallizing
◆正解：E
◆解き方：
(A)(B)(D)：「接続詞＋SV」＞「前置詞＋長い名詞句」。[due to / because of…]の後の名詞句が長すぎて読み難いです。
(A)(B)：[its]は誤り。[chambers]のことなので[their]です。
(D)：[tourists raising….]がつながっているように読めます。湿度を高めているのものは、旅行者が放出する水分であって、旅行者そのものではありません。また、SCでは[so as to do]は好まれない傾向があります。
(B)(C)(D)：[salt from the stone would crystallize]および[(make) the salt from the stone crystallize]は、この後の、[and fungus was growing on the walls]の進行形SVとパラレルになっていません。
(C)：[levels such that…]は、[such levels that…]と表記すべきです。
(E): 最も簡潔かつ明瞭です。 to such levels that [salt from the stone] was crystallizing